1. Introduction
2. Definitions
   1. Pactum Salutis
      A pre-temporal, intra-trinitarian agreement, in which the Father promises to reward his Son by giving him a people and in which the Son freely volunteers to earn redemption of the elect, by becoming incarnate, by acting as the temporal, incarnate guarantor (sponsor) and mediator of the Father's promise/FG/testamentum. In his active and passive obedience he fulfills his sponsio/fideiussio (guarantee) and thereby ratifies the Father's promise/FG made with the elect.
   2. Foedus Operum
      A prelapsarian pact made freely between God and Adam as the representative head of all humanity in which God promised eternal life and blessedness to Adam in and all his posterity on condition of Adam's compete and personal obedience to the Law of God.
   3. Foedus Gratiae
      • A post-lapsarian promise made unconditionally by God to elect sinners in which he promises justification, eternal life and blessedness to them who receive Christ's benefits through faith alone and which entails consequent stipulations of reciprocal obedience to be offered by the redeemed out of gratitude for salvation freely given.
   4. Potential Definitions
      1. Ursinus
      2. Ames
      3. Trelcatius (1610)
      4. Owen
      5. Turretin
      6. Witsius
      7. Cocceius
      8. Hodge
      9. Berkouwer
      10. Murray
      11. Hoeksema
      12. Robertson
      13. Letham
      14. Kline
      15. Baugh
      16. Estelle
   5. Provisional Comprehensive Definition
      1. Candidates for a Baseline
         1. Pactum Salutis
         2. Covenant of Works
            1. With Adam
            2. With Israel (Sinai)
         3. Covenant of Grace
            1. Noahic (Gen 6.17-19)
            2. Abraham (Gen 12, 15, 17)
3. General Considerations
   1. Six-Aspects of Reformed Federal Theology
      1. Pactum Salutis/Consilum Pacis
      2. Probationary Pre-lapsarian Condition (lex naturae)
      3. Federalism: Two Adam Scheme
      4. Unity of the Covenant of Grace in Historia Salutis
      5. Covenant as Heuristic for Ordo Salutis
      6. Covenant as Structure of Ecclesiology and Sacraments
      7. Law and Gospel and the Covenants
         1. Pactum Salutis
            1. Law for the Son
            2. Grace for his people
         2. Covenant of Works = Law
         3. Covenant of Grace = Gospel
   2. Ancient Near Eastern Treaty Pattern
      1. Preamble (I am Yahweh your God)
      2. Historical Prologue (Who brought you out of Egypt...")
      3. Suzerain-Vassal Relations
      4. Stipulations (with selected blessings and curses).
      5. Publication
      6. Witnesses
      7. Blessings and Curses
         1. Jeremiah 34.18-20
         2. "My covenant" (ytiêrIB.) transgressed
         3. They did not keep its terms of the covenant
         4. Which they cut (tr;K') with Yahweh
         5. [Therefore] Yahweh will bring upon them the curses symbolized by the calf cut in half
         6. Between which pieces they passed
            1. v.19: The officials of Judah, of Jerusalem, the eunuchs, priests, all who cut the covenant
            2. v.20: Yahweh will give covenant-breakers to their enemies
            3. Their dead bodies will be food for the animals
4. Covenants in Scripture
   1. Covenant Terminology
      1. Cut (trK)
      2. Remember (rk;z")
      3. Keep (rm;v;)
      4. Establish (~wq)
      5. Swear (hl'a')
      6. Obey (hf'[')
   2. In the "Old Testament"
      1. Equilateral Covenants Between Humans
         1. Gen 14.13 Abraham's defensive alliance (~r'(b.a;-tyrIb.)
         2. Gen 21.27-33 Between Abraham and Abimelech
            1. v.25: Controversy over a well
            2. v.26: Abimelech swears innocence
            3. v.27: Abraham gives livestock to Abimelech
            4. v.30: Lambs of "the covenant" that the well is Abraham's
            5. v.33: Planting of the Tree as Sign and Seal
         3. Gen 26.27-31 Between Isaac and Abimelech
            1. v.28: Abimelech proposes sworn oath/covenant with Isaac
            2. v.29: Covenant of Peace
            3. v.30: Feast of Ratification
            4. v. 31: Exchange of Oaths
         4. Between of Peace Laban and Jacob (Gen 31.44-54)
            1. v. 45-46: Marked with a pillar
            2. v. 48: Witness stones
            3. v.50: God as witness
            4. v.54: Sealed with sacrifice
         5. The Covenant at Gilgal (Josh 9)
            1. v.6: Initiated by Gibeon
            2. v.15: Joshua made peace with them, to let them live
            3. The congregation swore to them
         6. Jabesh and Nahash (1 Sam 11)
         7. Jonathan and David (1 Sam 18; 23.18)
         8. Abner and David (2 Sam 3)
         9. David and the elders at Hebron (2 Sam 5)
         10. Hiram and Solomon (1 Kings 5.12)
         11. Asa a nd Ben-Hadad (1 Kings 15.17-19)
      2. Covenants Between God and Humans
         1. With Adam: Genesis 2.8-9, 15,16
            1. Initiated by Yahweh
            2. Promise of Consummate Life
            3. Conditioned on Obedience
            4. The curse of the covenant (3.14, 16-19)
         2. Established (~wq) With Noah
            1. #1 Gen 6.13, 17-18; 7.1,7, 23; 8.1
               1. Elohim's announcement of impending judgment
               2. The ordination of the ark/temple
               3. God will establish (~wq) his covenant (tyrIB.)
               4. Noah is "righteous before me" (yn:ßp'l. qyDIîc;) in his generation
               5. All destroyed but Noah and family
               6. Elohim "remembered" (rkz) Noah
            2. #2 Gen 8.20-22, 9.1,9-17
               1. Noah builds altar andsacrifices to Yahweh
               2. Yahweh "smells" the sacrifice; promises no more cosmic judgement
               3. Elohim establishes (~wq) his tyrIB. with Noah and his seed ([r;z<)
               4. And with all beasts
               5. No more judgment floods
               6. Signified (tAa) with the bow (tv,q,)
               7. Elohim will remember "my covenant"
         3. Of Circumcision with Abraham (Acts 7.8; Acts 3.25)
            1. Gen 12.1-4 ("a great nation")
            2. Gen 15.1-18 ("I give this land")
               1. v.1: Yahweh comes to Abram
               2. v.5: So shall your seed ([r;z<) be
               3. Abraham trusted Yahweh
               4. Yahweh imputed it to Abraham for righteousness
               5. v.9-11: The covenant ratified with blood oath
               6. v.13-16: Promise repeated
               7. v.17: Yahweh takes the oath on himself
               8. v.18: Yahweh swears the covenant
            3. Gen 17.1-10, 19- (The Sign & Seal of the Covenant)
               1. v. 1: Yahweh appears as El Shaddai
               2. v. 2: Covenant that Abraham might multiply
               3. v. 4: My covenant is with you...father of a multitude
               4. v. 7: Between God and Abraham and his "Seed" (^ô[]r>z:)
               5. v. 8: To Give Land
               6. v. 9: "You shall keep my covenant" (ytiúyrIB.)
                  1. v. 9: "This is my covenant (ytiúyrIB.)" circumcision
                  2. vv. 10-12: The "sign" (tAa) of the covenant
                  3. v.13: Circumcision as an everlasting (~l'(A[) covenant
                  4. v.14: To Refuse the Sign is to Break (rp:)he) Covenant
               7. vv. 19, 21: Established (~wq) with Isaac
         4. A Plurality of Covenants with National Israel
            1. Romans 9.4 - "to thembelong the glory, the covenants, the giving of the law, the worship, and the promises."
            2. Eph 2.12 "strangers to the covenants..."
         5. The Old Covenant with National Israel (Ex 24.3-13)
            1. At Sinai
               1. v.3: Moses Brings the "Words" (rb'D') of Yahweh
               2. v.3: The People Swear Fidelity
               3. v.4: Moses Records the Words of the Covenant
                  1. Builds an altar
                  2. Builds 12 pillars
               4. v.5: Burnt Offerings
               5. v.6: Blood on the Altar
               6. v.7: Reading of the Covenant Stipulations
                  1. Hearing the Words
                  2. Accepting the Stipulations
               7. Sprinkled with Blood of the Covenant (‘tyrIB.h;-~d;()
               8. vv.9-10: Moses, Elders et al "Saw God"
               9. v.11: Peace and Feast
               10. v.12: Covenant Treaty Copy
            2. Renewed with the Next Generation (Deut 5; 29; 31)
               1. Convened by Moses
               2. Yahweh made a covenant at Horeb
               3. v.3: Not with our fathers but with us
               4. v.4: Face to face out of the fire
                  1. v.6: Preamble: I am Yahweh your God ( ^yh,êl{a/ hw"åhy>)
                  2. Hist Prologue: Who brought you out of Egypt
                  3. vv. 7-21: Stipulations
                  4. v.22: Publication
                  5. v.24: Witnesses (31.26)
                  6. 29.12-29 Curses on covenant breakers
         6. Covenant of Conquest with National Israel (Ex 34.9-28)
            1. v.10: Yahweh will do awesome marvels
            2. v.12,15,: Israel Not to Covenant with the Nations
            3. v.27-28: Covenant Treaty/Canon/Record
         7. With Phineas (Numbers 25.6-13)
            1. The violation of the Israel's National Covenant
            2. vv.7-8: Phineas Takes Spear to Hand
            3. vv.11-12: Phineas the Covenant Keeper
               1. Turns away God's wrath By Propitiation (rP,Ki)
               2. Given the "Covenant of Peace" (~Al)v' ytiÞyrIB.)
               3. v.13: A Covenant of Perpetual Priesthood
         8. With David
            1. 2 Sam 23.5 an "eternal covenant" (~l'øA[ tyrI’b.)
            2. 2 Chron 13.5 ("covenant of salt")
            3. Ps 89.3-4, 23-39
               1. Yahweh has cut (trK) a tyrIb.â with David his elect one (ryxiB')
               2. Yahweh will enthrone him
               3. Yahweh will show ds,x, and his tyrIb will stand firm forever
               4. Ps 110.4 Yahweh has sworn (hw"“hy> [B;Ûv.n) and will not change his mind...
               5. Isa 55.3 (Yahweh's everlasting covenant with David)
               6. Jer 33.21 (Yahweh's unbreakable covenant with David)
         9. Israel's Covenant Breaking
            1. Foretold By Yahweh (Deut 31.16-20)
               1. On the verge of Moses' death
               2. When they enter the land
               3. They will "whore after strange gods"
               4. Forsaking Yahweh and breaking covenant
               5. Yahweh's Anger will be against Israel
               6. Yahweh will abandon his "son"
            2. Actualized by Stubborn Israel (Josh 7.11)
               1. Israel steals the "devoted things"
               2. Bringing down covenant sanctions
            3. Resulting in Exile to Assyria (2 Kings 17)
               1. v.7: Because Israel broke the covenant
               2. v.9-12: making covenant with false gods
                  1. v.10: with pillars (witnesses)
                  2. v.11: altars (feast/sacrament/ratification)
               3. v.13: Ignoring the covenant lawsuits
            4. The Covenant with Death (tw<m'ê-ta, ‘tyrIb. Wn*t.r;ÛK') (Isa 28)
               1. v.15: That God will not punish their covenant breaking
               2. Taking refuge in lies
            5. v.16 Adonai Yahweh has laid a foundation stone
            6. v.18: The covenant with death is annulled
         10. Israel's Covenant Breaking Prosecuted (Jer 11; 22)
             1. v. 3: Cursed who does not hear the words of the covenant
             2. v.4: Of Yahweh's gracious salvation
             3. v.5: Of the land-promise
             4. v.8: Israel broke covenant
             5. v.11 Yahweh is bringing disaster
             6. 22.9: The nations will know why Israel was deserted
         11. Israel's Covenant Breaking Prosecuted Again (Ez 16)
             1. v.7: Yahweh made Israel flourish
             2. v.8: Yahweh "saw" Israel and married "her"
             3. vv.9-14: Clean and clothed
             4. v.15: Israel played the whore
             5. v.59: Yahweh will deal with covenant breaking Israel
         12. The New Covenant Promised (Jer 31.31-36; Heb 8.8)
             1. v.31: Yahweh will make a new covenant (`hv'(d'x] tyrIïB.)
             2. v. 32: Not like the "Old (Mosaic) Covenant"
             3. v.33: The New Covenant will be unbreakable
             4. v.33: Yahweh will write his Torah on their hearts
             5. He shall be our God and we his people (v (32.38)
             6. v.34: We shall all know Yahweh (32.40-41)
             7. Yahweh will forgive our sins and remember them no more
             8. v.36: Yahweh swears by the created order (33.25)
             9. (Ezekiel v.61-62: (Yet God will remember his covenant...)
   3. In the "New Testament"
      1. The New Covenant Inaugurated (Matthew 26; Luke 22.20; 1 Cor 11.25)
         1. Mt 26.26: In a feast
         2. Take, eat, this is my body
         3. Mt 26.28: This blood of the covenant (diaqh,khj)
         4. Lk 22.20 "This cup is the new covenant (kainh. diaqh,kh) in my blood" (1 Cor 11.25)
         5. Mark 14.24: "Poured out for many"
         6. "Do this as often as you drink it, in remembrance (covenant renewal) of me" (1 Cor 11.25)
      2. The Old Covenant Disposed (Rom 9-11; 2 Cor 3).
         1. Rom 9.1: Paul as Covenant lawyer
         2. Invoking the Spirit as witness to the treaty
         3. 10.1 His heartfelt desire is that "they may be saved"
         4. v.4-5: The Israelites were heirs of many blessings (adoption, glory, covenants, law, worship, promises, patriarchs, and the genesis of Christ's humanity).
         5. v.6: The word has not failed
         6. Not all Israel are Israel (Rom 2.29)
            1. v. 7: Circumcision/descent does not make one Abraham's "seed" (spe,rma)
            2. The seed are called through Isaac
            3. v. 8: Children of the promise (evpaggeli,aj) v. children of the flesh
            4. Reckoned/counted/imputed (logi,zetai)
            5. v.11: That God's purpose (pro,qesij) according to election might stand.
            6. v.30: The gentiles who did not pursue righteousness have attained by by faith (evk pi,stewj)
            7. v.32: Israel pursued righteousness as if it were by works (evx e;rgwn)
            8. v.33: They stumbled over Christ
            9. 10.2: The Jews have zeal but not knowledge
            10. 10.3: They sought their own righteousness (dikaiosu,nh) not God's
            11. 10.4: Faith in Christ was the purpose (te,loj) of law
            12. 10.5 Moses wrote about works righteousness (evk Îtou/Ð no,mou) - [Because he republished the covenant of works, "do this and live"]
            13. v.6: Law/covenant of works righteousness is opposite evk pi,stewj dikaiosu,nh
                1. Righteousness through faith does not seek bring Christ down
                2. v.7: Nor does it seek to bring him up
                3. vv.8-9: Faith righteousness simply believes the Word and confesses with the mouth that God raised him from the dead!
                4. v.10: One believes with the heart and is justified
                5. One confesses with the mouth and is saved (hendiadys)
                6. v. 12: [Because Jesus has broken down the barrier between Jew and Gentile - Eph 2.14]
                7. vv.13-18: It is the word of the covenant of grace through God works saving faith
            14. vv.19-20: The adoption of the Gentiles into the covenant of grace is the fulfillment of Isaiah's prophecy
            15. v.21: Israel remains as stubborn today as in Isaiah's day
            16. 11.1: God has not rejected "his people" [i.e. all Jews]?
                1. Paul is a Jew and he has trusted Christ
                2. v.2: God has not rejected his elect (o]n proe,gnw)
                3. vv.3-5: Yes Israelites attacked the prophets, but an elect (v.5: lei/mma katV evklogh.n) remnant remains
            17. v.6: eiv de. ca,riti( ouvke,ti evx e;rgwn( evpei. h` ca,rij ouvke,ti gi,netai ca,rijÅ
            18. v.7-10: Election/grace distinguishes between those who have the inheritance and those who do not
            19. v.11-14: The purpose of the calling of the Gentiles to faith in Christ is to provoke elect Jews to faith in Christ also.
            20. v.15: In God's providence the rejection of the Jews as a national people has meant salvation for Gentiles
            21. v.16: The covenant of grace is holy and whoever is really in it is holy.
            22. v.17: Some branches have been broken off the visible people and wild Gentile branches grafted on and are now nourished by the covenant of grace
                1. vv.18-20: God broke off arrogant Jewish branches of the visible people,
                2. vv.20-21: He can break off arrogant Gentile branches also
            23. v.22: God has both kindness and severity
                1. Continue in kindness
                2. Lest you be cut off too
            24. v.23: If Jews turn to the Messiah in faith,
            25. vv.23-24: They will be grafted in again
            26. v.25: God sovereignly hardened part of Israel
            27. Until all the elect Gentiles are saved
            28. v.26: All the elect Jews (and Gentiles) will be saved
            29. v.27: This is God's (New) Covenant
                1. v.28: They oppose the Gospel, so they are enemies
                2. Election and the covenant has been administered through national Israel so we love them.
                3. v.29: The gifts and calling are irrevocable
                   1. Gentiles were once disobedient (v.30)
                      1. Now we have received mercy
                         1. Because of their disobedience
                         2. They have now been disobedient (v.31)
                      2. So we may receive mercy
                   2. God has consigned all to disobedience
                   3. That he may have mercy on all
                4. Doxology to God's archetypal theology (v.33-26)
      3. The New Covenant Described (2 Cor 3)
         1. v.3: Spirit v. Letter
         2. Christ v. Moses
         3. Types and Shadows v. Fulfillment
         4. v. 6: Paul a diako,nouj kainh/j diaqh,khj
            1. The Old Covenant = Killing Letter = Law ("Do this and live") = Death
            2. The New Covenant = Spirit = Gospel = Life
               1. v.7: If the ministry of the killing-letter came with glory (which faded)
               2. vv.7-9: How much greater is the ministry of the life-giving Spirit? (the glory of which does not fade)
            3. v.9: The Mosaic epoch was a characterized by the ministry of condemnation (kata,krisij)
            4. v.9: The New Covenant is characterized by the ministry of righteousness (diakoni,a th/j dikaiosu,nhj)
               1. v.10: The glory hasn't just faded, but come to have no glory at all
               2. v.11: Because of the surpassing glory of the New Covenant
               3. Because the Glory-Spirit of the New Covenant is permanent
               4. v.12: The nature of the New Covenant makes us bold
               5. v.13: Moses' veil hid the true nature of the Old Covenant
               6. vv.14-15: The veil of unbelief remains
               7. It is only removed by sovereign grace, through faith alone.
            5. v.17: o` de. ku,rioj to. pneu/ma, evstin\
            6. Where the Spirit is, freedom is
            7. [Where the Law is, slavery is]
            8. v.18: Sola gratia our faces are unveiled, seeing Christ and reflecting his glory are being transformed to his image
      4. Analogies with Human Covenants (Gal 3.15-25)
         1. v.15: kata. a;nqrwpon le,gw
         2. No one disannuls a covenant in effect (kekurwme,nhn diaqh,khn ouvdei.j avqetei/)
         3. No one adds to it (evpidiata,ssetai)
         4. v.16: The promises were made w`j evfV e`no,j...o[j evstin Cristo,j
         5. v.17: diaqh,khn prokekurwme,nhn...no,moj ouvk avkuroi/ eivj to. katargh/sai th.n evpaggeli,anÅ
         6. v.18: Covenant inheritance comes by Promise (evx evpaggeli,aj) not Law (evk no,mou)
         7. v.19: The Law superimposed "because of transgressions" (paraba,sewn ca,rin prosete,qh)
            1. Established through angels by the hand of a mediator (diatagei.j diV avgge,lwn evn ceiri. mesi,tou)
            2. v.20: A mediator implies logically two parties, but God is one (Deut 6.4)
            3. [Therefore the covenant in view here is within the Godhead]
         8. v.21: Therefore the Law is not contrary to the promises
            1. The Law and the Promises perform different functions
            2. The Law convicts
            3. The Gospel promises
         9. dikaiosu,nh is not evk no,mou
         10. v.22: The function of the law is to imprison under sin
         11. So that the promise evk pi,stewj VIhsou/ Cristou/ doqh/| toi/j pisteu,ousin
             1. v. 23: In the historia salutis before pi,stij, came we were imprisoned until it came
             2. The Law was our paidagwgo.j until Christ
             3. i[na evk pi,stewj dikaiwqw/men
             4. v.25: Now that faith has come, no longer u`po. paidagwgo,n
      5. Two Cities, Two Covenants (Gal 4)
         1. The sphere of discourse: inheritance
            1. A minor is not eligible for inheritance
            2. He has the same legal status a slave, even though he is the owner
            3. v.2: Under guardians (evpitro,pouj) and managers (oivkono,mouj) until his majority
            4. Until the date set by the father
            5. v.3: When we were children were were dedoulwme,noi to the stoicei/a tou/ ko,smou
         2. v.4: in the plh,rwma tou/ cro,nou
            1. God sent his Son
            2. Born of a woman
            3. Born under the Law (geno,menon u`po. no,mon)
            4. v.5: In order he might free (evxagora,sh|)
               1. tou.j u`po. no,mon
               2. That we might receive th.n ui`oqesi,an
            5. v.6: As Sons, God has sent the to. pneu/ma tou/ ui`ou - the downpayment (Eph 1.14)
               1. v.7: No longer slaves but sons and heirs
               2. v.8: You were formerly enslaved to idols
            6. v.9: Having been known by God (gnwsqe,ntej u`po. qeou/) how can you turn back to ta. avsqenh/ kai. ptwca. stoicei/a
            7. (v.10: i.e. Observing the Mosaic cultic calendar)
         3. v.21: If you want to be u`po. no,mon, listen to it!
         4. v.22: Abraham had two sons
            1. One by a slave woman
            2. One by a free woman
               1. v.23: Son of the slave born kata. sa,rka
               2. Son of the free woman born diV evpaggeli,aj
            3. v.24: eivsin du,o diaqh/kai
               1. vv.24-25: One from Sinai for slavery = Jerusalem
               2. v.26: The Jerusalem above is free and our mother
               3. (v.27: rejoice O' barren one - Isa 54.1)
               4. v.28: Like Isaac (Rom 9.7-10) we are children of promise
                  1. v.29: Ishmael (born of the flesh) persecuted Isaac (born of the Spirit)
                  2. So it is today, unbelieving Jews persecute Christians
                  3. v.30: The slave woman shall inherit with the son of the free woman (Gen 21.10)
                  4. v.31: We are children of the free woman
                  5. 5.1: Christ has set us free for freedom! (Not under Law but under Gospel)
      6. The Superiority of the New Covenant (Heb 7-10,12,13)
         1. v.11: Perfection (telei,wsij) impossible through the Mosaic/Levitical priesthood
            1. The peopple received the Law through the priesthood
            2. A more perfect priesthood was needed
            3. [Because the Levitical/Mosaic priesthood was necessarily imperfect]
            4. [The Mosaic theocracy was founded on the Levitical priesthood]
            5. v.12: A change of priesthood means a change in the Law
            6. v.13: God instituted a priesthood with new priesthood
            7. v.14: Jesus is of Judah - not Levi
            8. vv.15-17: Jesus has a Melchizedekian priesthood
         2. v.18: The Mosaic theocracy has been set aside because of its weakness (avsqene.j)
         3. v.19: The Law perfected (evtelei,wsen) nothing
         4. A better hope (tonoj evlpi,doj) has been introduced
            1. vv.20-21: Based on an oath (Ps 110)
            2. v.22: Jesus the surety of the Pactum salutis/covenant of grace (krei,ttonoj diaqh,khj ge,gonen e;gguoj VIhsou/j)
               1. vv.23-24: The Mosaic priests died
               2. The Melchizedekian priests have eternal life
         5. 8.6: Christ has obtained (tugca,nw) a better leitourgi,aj
            1. It is founded on better promises (krei,ttono,j) than the Mosaic ministry
            2. Because his covenant (diaqh,khj) is enacted (nenomoqe,thtai) on better promises (ttosin evpaggeli,aij) than the Mosaic covenant
            3. The mediator (mesi,thj) of this covenant is Christ
            4. v.7: The First (Mosaic) covenant was not fautless
            5. [Therefore there had to be a second, perfect covenant]
            6. v.8: This is the New Covenant promised in Jeremiah 31.
            7. The New Covenant is the better covenant
               1. v.9: Not like the Mosaic covenant
               2. This was a breakable/revocable/obsolete covenant (v.13)
            8. vv.10-12: The perfections of the new covenant contasted with the imperfections of the old
         6. 9.1-10: The liturgical imperfections of the first/Mosaic covenant
         7. vv.11: Christ the high priest of the heavenly/eschatological tabernacle came
            1. v.12: He entered into the holy places securing redemption (lu,trwsin)
            2. v.15: Jesus is diaqh,khj kainh/j mesi,thj
               1. So that the called may receive th.n evpaggeli,an...aivwni,ou klhronomi,aj
               2. qana,tou genome,nou which redeems them from sins committed under Moses
               3. [A covenant is ratified over a death] (a "testament" is in force before the death)
               4. v.16: Where there is a diaqh,kh it is necessary (avna,gkh) to prove (fe,resqai) the death tou/ diaqeme,nou
               5. v.17: diaqh,kh ga.r evpi. nekroi/j bebai,a as long as the one covenanting (diaqe,menoj) lives.
               6. vv.18-23: The Mosaic covenant was enacted (evgkekai,nistai) with blood
            3. 10.9: He abolishes the Mosaic covenant to establish the new covenant
            4. vv.15-17: The Holy Spirit bears witness to the validity of new covenant (Deut 17.6; Heb 10.28)
            5. v.18: Where there is a;fesij there is no need for offerings (distinct from in pa,resij Rom 3.25)
            6. v.25: True sanctity is the result of the new covenant
            7. v.29 The danger of making common ai-ma th/j diaqh,khj
         8. 12.22: We have come to the true, heavenly Jerusalem
            1. v.23: The covenant assembly of the firstborn (evkklhsi,a| prwtoto,kwn)
            2. v.24: To Jesus the diaqh,khj ne,aj mesi,th|
            3. ai[mati r`antismou/ krei/tton lalou/nti
         9. Heb 13.20: The new covenant benediction: evn ai[mati diaqh,khj aivwni,ou

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